Mavavu amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse masiku ano: m'nyumba zathu, pansi pa msewu, m'nyumba zamalonda komanso m'malo masauzande ambiri mkati mwa magetsi ndi madzi, mphero zamapepala, zoyenga, zopangira mankhwala ndi zida zina zamafakitale ndi zomangamanga.
Makampani opanga ma valve ali ndi mapewa otakata, okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana kuchokera kugawa madzi kupita ku mphamvu ya nyukiliya kupita kumtunda ndi kumunsi kwa mafuta ndi gasi. Iliyonse mwa mafakitale ogwiritsira ntchito mapetowa imagwiritsa ntchito mitundu ina ya ma valve; komabe, tsatanetsatane wa zomangamanga ndi zipangizo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri. Nazi zitsanzo:
MADZI NTCHITO
M’dziko la kagawidwe ka madzi, zitsenderezo zimakhala zotsika pafupifupi nthaŵi zonse ndipo kutentha kumakhala kozungulira. Mfundo ziwirizo zogwiritsira ntchito zimalola zinthu zingapo zopangira ma valve zomwe sizikadapezeka pazida zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri monga ma valve otenthetsera kutentha. Kutentha kozungulira kwa ntchito yamadzi kumalola kugwiritsa ntchito ma elastomer ndi zosindikizira za rabara zomwe siziyenera kwina. Zida zofewa izi zimalola kuti ma valve amadzi azikhala okonzeka kuti atseke zotsekera.
Kuganiziranso kwina mu ma valve operekera madzi ndikusankha muzinthu zomangira. Zitsulo zotayira ndi ductile zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madzi, makamaka mizere yayikulu yakunja. Mizere yaying'ono kwambiri imatha kuyendetsedwa bwino ndi zida zamkuwa.
Kupanikizika komwe ma valve ambiri amadzi amawona nthawi zambiri amakhala pansi pa 200 psi. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti mapangidwe olimba okhala ndi mipanda yolimba sikufunika. Izi zanenedwa, nthawi zina ma valve amadzi amapangidwira kuti azitha kupanikizika kwambiri, mpaka 300 psi. Ntchitozi nthawi zambiri zimakhala pa ngalande zazitali zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi gwero la kuthamanga. Nthawi zina ma valve amadzi othamanga kwambiri amapezekanso pamalo othamanga kwambiri mu damu lalitali.
Bungwe la American Water Works Association (AWWA) lapereka mafotokozedwe okhudza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma valve ndi ma actuators omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga madzi.
MADZI ONSE
Mbali yakutsogolo ya madzi amchere omwe amalowa m'malo kapena kapangidwe kake ndi madzi otayira kapena otayira. Mizere iyi imasonkhanitsa madzi onse otaya zinyalala ndi zolimba ndikuzilozera kumalo osungira zimbudzi. Malo opangira chithandizowa amakhala ndi mapaipi otsika kwambiri komanso ma valve kuti achite "ntchito zawo zonyansa." Zofunikira za mavavu amadzi otayira nthawi zambiri ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimafunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito madzi oyera. Chipata chachitsulo ndi ma valve cheke ndi zosankha zodziwika kwambiri pamtundu uwu wautumiki. Ma valve okhazikika muutumikiwu amamangidwa molingana ndi mafotokozedwe a AWWA.
POWER INDUSTRY
Mphamvu zambiri zamagetsi zomwe zimapangidwa ku United States zimapangidwira m'mafakitale a nthunzi pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta opangira mafuta komanso ma turbines othamanga kwambiri. Kutsegula chivundikiro cha chopangira magetsi chamakono kungapereke mawonekedwe a makina opopera amphamvu kwambiri, otentha kwambiri. Mizere yayikuluyi ndiyofunikira kwambiri pakupanga mphamvu zamagetsi.
Ma valve a zipata amakhalabe chisankho chachikulu chamagetsi pa / off ntchito, ngakhale cholinga chapadera, ma valve a Y-pattern globe amapezekanso. Ma valve ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi, ofunikira kwambiri ayamba kutchuka ndi opanga makina opangira magetsi ndipo akulowa m'dziko lino lokhala ndi ma valve ozungulira.
Metallurgy ndi yofunika kwambiri pama valve ogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, makamaka omwe amagwira ntchito mopitilira muyeso kapena kupitilira kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa kuthamanga ndi kutentha. F91, F92, C12A, pamodzi ndi ma Inconel angapo ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale amasiku ano. Makalasi opanikizika amaphatikizapo 1500, 2500 ndipo nthawi zina 4500. Kukonzekera kwa magetsi apamwamba (zomwe zimagwira ntchito pokhapokha ngati zikufunikira) zimayikanso zovuta kwambiri pa ma valve ndi mapaipi, zomwe zimafuna mapangidwe amphamvu kuti athe kuthana ndi kuphatikizika kwakukulu kwa njinga, kutentha ndi kutentha. kupanikizika.
Kuphatikiza pa ma valve akuluakulu a nthunzi, magetsi amadzaza ndi mapaipi owonjezera, okhala ndi miyandamiyanda ya zipata, globe, cheke, butterfly ndi ma valve a mpira.
Zopangira mphamvu za nyukiliya zimagwira ntchito mofanana ndi nthunzi / turbine yothamanga kwambiri. Kusiyana kwakukulu ndikuti mu malo opangira mphamvu za nyukiliya, nthunzi imapangidwa ndi kutentha kuchokera ku ndondomeko ya fission. Mavavu opangira mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi ofanana ndi apachibale awo opangidwa ndi zinthu zakale, kupatula mbadwa zawo komanso chofunikira chowonjezera chodalirika. Mavavu a nyukiliya amapangidwa mwapamwamba kwambiri, ndipo zolemba zoyenerera ndi zowunikira zimadzaza mazana amasamba.
KUPANGA MAFUTA NDI GESI
Zitsime zamafuta ndi gasi ndi malo opangira ndi ogwiritsa ntchito kwambiri ma valve, kuphatikiza ma valve ambiri olemetsa. Ngakhale kuti mafuta otuluka m'mwamba pamtunda wautali sangawonekere, chithunzichi chikuwonetsa mphamvu ya mafuta ndi gasi pansi pa nthaka. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mitu ya zitsime kapena mitengo ya Khrisimasi imayikidwa pamwamba pa chitoliro chachitali cha chitsime. Misonkhanoyi, yokhala ndi ma valve ophatikizika ndi zida zapadera, idapangidwa kuti izitha kuthana ndi zovuta zopitilira 10,000 psi. Ngakhale kuti sizipezeka kawirikawiri pazitsime zokumbidwa pamtunda masiku ano, kupanikizika kwakukulu kumapezeka nthawi zambiri pazitsime zakuya za m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Mapangidwe a zida za Wellhead amaphimbidwa ndi API monga 6A, Specification for Wellhead ndi Khrisimasi Tree Equipment. Ma valve omwe amaphimbidwa mu 6A amapangidwira kupanikizika kwambiri koma kutentha pang'ono. Mitengo yambiri ya Khrisimasi imakhala ndi ma valve a zipata ndi ma valve apadera a globe otchedwa chokes. Zitsamwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwongolera kutuluka kwa chitsime.
Kuphatikiza pa zitsime zomwezo, malo ambiri othandizira amakhala ndi malo opangira mafuta kapena gasi. Zida zopangira zopangira mafuta kapena gasi zimafunikira ma valve angapo. Ma valve awa nthawi zambiri amakhala chitsulo cha kaboni chovotera magulu apansi.
Nthaŵi zina, madzi owononga kwambiri—hydrogen sulfide— amapezeka mumtsinje wa petroleum yaiwisi. Izi, zomwe zimatchedwanso mpweya wowawasa, zimatha kupha. Kuthana ndi zovuta zamagesi wowawasa, zida zapadera kapena njira zopangira zinthu molingana ndi NACE International specifications MR0175 ziyenera kutsatiridwa.
OFFSHORE INDUSTRY
Makina opangira mapaipi opangira mafuta akunyanja ndi malo opangira zinthu amakhala ndi ma valve ambiri omangidwa mosiyanasiyana kuti athe kuthana ndi zovuta zambiri zowongolera kuyenda. Maofesiwa alinso ndi malupu osiyanasiyana owongolera ndi zida zothandizira kupanikizika.
Pamalo opangira mafuta, mtima wapamtima ndiye njira yeniyeni yopangira mafuta kapena gasi. Ngakhale kuti sizikhala pa pulatifomu nthawi zonse, machitidwe ambiri opangira zinthu amagwiritsa ntchito mitengo ya Khrisimasi ndi mapaipi omwe amagwira ntchito mozama mozama mamita 10,000 kapena kuposerapo. Zida zopangira izi zimamangidwa pamiyezo yambiri ya American Petroleum Institute (API) ndipo zimatchulidwa muzochita zingapo zovomerezeka za API (RPs).
Pamapulatifomu ambiri amafuta, njira zowonjezera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumadzi obiriwira omwe amachokera pachitsime. Izi zikuphatikizapo kulekanitsa madzi kuchokera ku ma hydrocarbon ndi kulekanitsa mpweya ndi mpweya wamadzimadzi kuchokera kumadzimadzi. Mipope iyi yamtengo wa Khrisimasi nthawi zambiri imamangidwa ku American Society of Mechanical Engineers B31.3 yokhala ndi ma valve opangidwa motsatira ma valve a API monga API 594, API 600, API 602, API 608 ndi API 609.
Ena mwa machitidwewa angakhalenso ndi chipata cha API 6D, mpira ndi ma valve owunika. Popeza mapaipi aliwonse omwe ali papulatifomu kapena pobowola sitimayo ali mkati mwa malowa, zofunikira zogwiritsira ntchito mavavu a API 6D pamapaipi sizigwira ntchito. Ngakhale mitundu ingapo ya ma valve imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapaipi awa, mtundu wa valve wosankha ndi valavu ya mpira.
MAPAMBA
Ngakhale kuti mapaipi ambiri sawoneka, kupezeka kwawo nthawi zambiri kumawonekera. Zizindikiro zing'onozing'ono zonena kuti "paipi ya petroleum" ndi chizindikiro chimodzi chodziwikiratu cha kukhalapo kwa mapaipi apansi panthaka. Mapaipiwa ali ndi mavavu ambiri ofunikira pautali wawo wonse. Ma valve otseka mapaipi angozi amapezeka pakapita nthawi monga momwe zafotokozedwera ndi miyezo, ma code ndi malamulo. Mavavuwa amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri yopatula gawo la payipi ngati latopa kapena pakufunika kukonza.
Zinanso zobalalika panjira ya mapaipi ndi zida zomwe mzerewo umachokera pansi ndipo njira yolowera ikupezeka. Masiteshoniwa ndi nyumba ya zida zoyambira "nkhumba", zomwe zimakhala ndi zida zomwe zimayikidwa m'mapaipi kuti ziwone kapena kuyeretsa chingwe. Malo otsegulira nkhumba awa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma valve angapo, kaya zipata kapena mitundu ya mpira. Mavavu onse pamapaipi ayenera kukhala ndi doko lathunthu (lotseguka kwathunthu) kuti nkhumba zidutse.
Mapaipi amafunikiranso mphamvu kuti athe kuthana ndi kugwedezeka kwa mapaipi ndikusunga kuthamanga ndi kuyenda kwa mzerewo. Makina osindikizira kapena kupopera omwe amawoneka ngati mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono opangira makina opanda nsanja zazitali zong'ambika amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Masiteshoni awa ali ndi zipata zambiri, mpira ndi ma valve owunika mapaipi.
Mapaipiwo amapangidwa motsatira miyezo ndi ma code osiyanasiyana, pomwe mavavu a mapaipi amatsata API 6D Pipeline Valves.
Palinso mapaipi ang'onoang'ono omwe amalowera m'nyumba ndi m'nyumba zamalonda. Mizere iyi imapereka madzi ndi gasi ndipo imatetezedwa ndi ma valve otseka.
Matauni akuluakulu, makamaka kumpoto kwa United States, amapereka mpweya wotenthetsera kwa makasitomala amalonda. Mizere yoperekera nthunziyi imakhala ndi ma valve osiyanasiyana kuti athe kuwongolera ndikuwongolera kutulutsa kwa nthunzi. Ngakhale madzimadzi ndi nthunzi, kupanikizika ndi kutentha kumakhala kotsika kusiyana ndi zomwe zimapezeka mumagetsi opangira nthunzi. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma valve imagwiritsidwa ntchito muutumikiwu, ngakhale valavu yolemekezeka ya plug akadali chisankho chodziwika.
KUYERETSA NDI PETROCHEMICAL
Ma valve oyeretsera amagwiritsa ntchito ma valve ambiri a mafakitale kuposa gawo lina lililonse. Malo oyeretsera amakhala ndi madzi owononga komanso nthawi zina kutentha kwambiri.
Zinthu izi zimapanga momwe ma valve amapangidwira motsatira ndondomeko ya mapangidwe a valve API monga API 600 (mavavu apachipata), API 608 (ma valve a mpira) ndi API 594 (check valves). Chifukwa cha ntchito yovuta yomwe ma valve ambiri amakumana nawo, ndalama zowonjezera zowonongeka nthawi zambiri zimafunika. Chilolezochi chikuwonetsedwa kudzera mu makulidwe akulu a khoma omwe amafotokozedwa muzolemba zamapangidwe a API.
Pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse wa valavu ukhoza kupezeka mochulukira m'malo oyeretsera. Valavu yachipata yopezeka paliponse ikadali mfumu ya phiri lomwe lili ndi anthu ambiri, koma ma valve otembenuka akutenga gawo lalikulu pamsika wawo. Zogulitsa zomwe zikuyenda bwino m'makampaniwa (omwe kale anali olamulidwa ndi zinthu zopanga mizere) amaphatikiza ma valve agulugufe okhala ndi zitsulo zokhala ndi zitsulo.
Chipata chokhazikika, globe ndi ma cheke ma valve akupezekabe, ndipo chifukwa cha kukhudzika kwa mapangidwe awo ndi chuma cha kupanga, sizidzatha posachedwa.
Kupanikizika kwa mavavu oyeretsera kumayendetsa masewerawa kuchokera ku Class 150 mpaka Class 1500, ndipo Gulu la 300 ndilodziwika kwambiri.
Zitsulo zopanda kaboni, monga giredi WCB (zoponyedwa) ndi A-105 (zopanga) ndizo zida zodziwika bwino zomwe zimatchulidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'mavavu poyeretsa. Ntchito zambiri zoyenga zimakankhira malire a kutentha kwa zitsulo za carbon plain, ndipo ma aloyi a kutentha kwapamwamba amaperekedwa kwa ntchitozi. Zodziwika kwambiri mwa izi ndizitsulo za chrome / moly monga 1-1 / 4% Cr, 2-1 / 4% Cr, 5% Cr ndi 9% Cr. Zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi ma aloyi a nickel apamwamba amagwiritsidwanso ntchito m'njira zina mwankhanza kwambiri zoyenga.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jul-10-2020